W. H. Li, Z. Z. Yang, M. S. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Wei, X. W. Zhong, L. Gu and Y. Yu (2016) Amorphous Red Phosphorus Embedded in Highly Ordered Mesoporous Carbon with Superior Lithium and Sodium Storage Capacity. Journal/Nano Letters 16 1546-1553. [In English]
Web link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03903
Keywords: ,Lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, anodes, red phosphorus, CMK-3, LI-ION BATTERIES, HIGH-PERFORMANCE ANODE, ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE, RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES, NANOCOMPOSITE ANODES, NANOTUBE COMPOSITE, BLACK, PHOSPHORUS, NANOFIBERS, CHALLENGES, CATHODE

Abstract: Red phosphorus (P) have been considered as one of the most promising anode material for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and (NIBs), because of its high theoretical capacity. However, natural insulating property and the large volume expansion of red P during cycling lead to poor cyclability and low rate performance, which prevents its practical application. Here, we significantly improves both lithium storage and sodium storage performance of red P by confining nanosized amorphous red P into the mesoporous carbon matrix (P@CMK-3) using a vaporization-condensation-conversion process. The P@CMK-3 shows a high reversible specific capacity of similar to 2250 mA h g(-1) based on the mass of red P at 0.25 C (similar to 971 mA h g(-1) based on the composite), excellent rate performance of 1598 and 624 mA h g(-1) based on the mass of red P at 6.1 and 12 C, respectively (562 and 228 mA h g(-1) based on the mass of the composite at 6.1 and 12 C, respectively) and significantly enhanced cycle life of 1150 mA h g(-1) based on the mass of red P at 5 C (500 mA h g(-1) based on the mass of the composite) after 1000 cycles for LIBs. For Na ions, it also displays a reversible capacity of 1020 mA h g(-1) based on the mass of red P (370 mA h based on the mass of the composite) after 210 cycles at 5C. The significantly improved electrochemical performance could be attributed to the unique structure that combines a variety of advantages: easy access of electrolyte to the open channel structure, short transport path of ions through carbon toward the red P, and high ionic and electronic conductivity.